1/26/2024 0 Comments Just dance 2021 unlimited price![]() Fancy yourself as a camp pirate complete with feathery parrot headdress dancing on your poop deck? Well you can bring this dream to be a reality. If it’s possible, I think Just Dance 2021 is even more colourful than previous versions of the game – the costumes and digitally created backgrounds are pretty entertaining to watch. If you manage to completely smash a song you might even earn the spot as dancer of the week. This is not trying to teach you how to dance.Īs you progress you accumulate stars – your aim is to get as high a score as possible as this allows you to collect ‘mojo’ and unlock new versions of the songs. ![]() ![]() Of course, this is not 100% accurate – but let’s be honest, if it was it wouldn’t be as much fun. The game tracks your movements (well, the movement of your hand) and awards how well you copy the moves. Dance along following the moves of the brightly coloured dancers whilst holding your smartphone in your right hand. The gameplay is the same as ever – you know the drill. To help you decide which song to dance to you can hover over its icon to hear a little snippet, plus you can see its difficulty ranking from easy to extreme. Even TikTok gets a nod with the inclusion of the Kulikitaka meme song. There is a good mix of genres from chart-topping pop (Rain on Me – Lady Gaga & Ariana Grande), Latino beats (Buscando – GTA & Jenn MOrel), K-pop hits (Ice Cream – BLACKPINK x Selena Gomez), old-skool dance (Get Get Down – Paul Johnson) and cheesy floor-fillers (In the Navy – The Village People). Personally, I feel there is a better selection compared to Just Dance 2020. There are 40 new songs included with Just Dance 2021. After connecting, your phone becomes your controller for the game and you access the menus by swiping and touching your screen. As usual you play using the Just Dance Controller app on your smartphone. If you’ve ever played a Just Dance game before then you will be able to navigate Just Dance 2021 with no problems.
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1/26/2024 0 Comments Hip abduction brace![]() The TLC's quick release buckle closure system allows patients to get the same fit every time. The lightweight pads are breathable to reduce heat buildup as well as washable. The Centron Hip is a lightweight, effective hip abduction orthosis for hip stabilization after a revision, total prosthetic replacement of the hip or hip. ![]() Further, the TLC™ requires only one Allen wrench to adjust everything on the orthosis. The adjustable compression belt with easy-grip pull tabs anchors the hip joint, and the padded thigh cuff increases optimal alignment. These braces are sturdier and gently hold the hips apart in a properly aligned position so they can develop normally. The Hip Abduction Splint for use at night has an arch-shaped pelvic band and thigh suspender made of Subortholen sheet, 3/16-inch thick. Easy-to-use abduction/adduction push buttons and malleable hip and thigh shells help provide an individualized fit for increased patient comfort and compliance. Every piece is both unisex and universal, including the TLC™ hip joint with multiple abduction, adduction, flexion and extension settings, which means you will need less inventory on hand in your facility. In these cases, hip abduction braces - also called fixed abduction braces may be used. This keeps the joints warm, flexible and safe.The TLC™ Hip Abduction brace offers the comfortable, easy-to-use support your patients need in an innovative design that saves you money. Compression helps increase blood flow and reduces swelling. In addition to stabilization, hip braces provide compression to your body. Hip braces can keep your hip and pelvic area stable while conditions heal, including: Hip abduction braces may be used for dislocations or after a hip surgery. Common conditions that require wearing a hip brace Never let the brace sit on your bare skin. These braces are used following a hip dislocation to provide stability to the injured joint or as a preventative measure if a patient is at risk of hip dislocations. For added comfort, wear thin and snug cotton leggings underneath your brace. Hip abduction braces are used to prevent excessive hip flexion and to abduct the hip (positions the leg away from the midline of the body). If your brace is causing you pain, let your doctor know immediately. Getting up from low seating may be challenging. You'll find that sitting upright is difficult, but that's typical. Developed in conjunction with industry-leading physicians specializing in injuries, instabilities, and arthroscopic surgery of the hip, the T Scope Post-Op Hip brace incorporates Breg s premium and time-tested technologies. You may have to wear your hip brace 24 hours a day unless your doctor says otherwise. The Breg T Scope Post-Op Hip Brace delivers a patient-centric design for unprecedented comfort, simplicity and support during post-operative hip rehabilitation.
1/26/2024 0 Comments Dark angel picture![]() "Freak Nation" was also notable for featuring the popular WWE wrestler Amy Dumas AKA Lita in a guest-starring role. This marked the first time Cameron directed since winning his Oscars, something he wouldn't do again until Avatar in 2009. However, when the director for Dark Angel's season 2 finale fell through, James Cameron himself stepped in to personally direct what became a 90-minute finale titled "Freak Nation", where Max and the other X5s established their own nation-state within Seattle. FOX then moved Dark Angel season 2 to Friday nights, which proved to be a disaster as ratings plummeted even further. ![]() Related: Person of Interest Season 6: Why The Show Was Cancelledĭespite Dark Angel's strong start, ratings fell to an average of 10 million viewers in season 1, and the series, which had a budget of $1.3-million per episode, barely received a season 2 renewal. Dark Angel season 2 introduced even more of Max's genetically engineered brethren, including Jensen Ackles as Alec, but it altered the mythology of the series, which was a move that turned off some fans. After Max (then known as X5-452) and dozens of her "brothers and sisters" escaped Project Manticore, she made a life for herself in Seattle while working as a bike messenger for Jam Pony Express. Dark Angel also thoroughly explored Max's origins as part of a government program called Project Manticore, where she and dozens of other genetically engineered children (designated the X5 program) were trained from birth to be super soldiers. Set in 2019, a decade after an electromagnetic pulse detonated by terrorists turned the United States into a third world country, Dark Angel was primarily about Max teaming up with (and falling for) crusading cyber journalist Logan Cale AKA Eyes Only (Michael Weatherly) as the duo righted wrongs in Seattle. ![]() In Geoffrey Wansell's illuminating study––illuminated by 150 exquisite photographs –– the author traces the threads of both light and dark in this Hollywood immortal, a man whom his friend and costar Deborah Kerr called "one of the most outstanding personalities in the history of the cinema".įor a synopsis of any of Geoffrey's books, please click on the appropriate cover below.Dark Angel arrived at the tail end of a series of female-driven sci-fi and fantasy series in the 1990s, led by Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Xena: Warrior Princess, and La Femme Nikita. Grant was five times married, to a succession of beautiful women including the heiress Barbara Hutton and the actress Dyan Cannon, and sustained a tortured and obsessive relationship with money. Yet while he could flawlessly make screwball comedy his own, in films like Bringing Up Baby and Arsenic and Old Lace –– Frank Capra called him "Hollywood's greatest farceur"–– he could also, as in Suspicion, convey a fascinating menace on the screen.Īnd off it, perhaps. Hollywood's greatest directors –– Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, Leo McCarey, George Cukor, Stanley Donen –– worked with him time after time. Dexter Haven opposite Katharine Hepburn in The Philadelphia Story from the enigmatic spy who hypnotized Ingrid Bergman in Notorious to the smiling jewel thief whom Grace Kelly could not resist in To Catch a Thief. In a career spanning seventy-two films he went from being the picture-perfect matinée idol of She Done Him Wrong, the man whom Mae West told to come up and see her sometime, to the broodingly handsome C.K. Quotes from such celebrities as Marlene Dietrich and Sophia Loren and film critic Pauline Kael add to the viewing pleasure in this encounter with the dashing Hollywood icon.īorn Archie Leach, the only child of a poor tailor's presser and an unstable mother, in Bristol, England, in 1904, Cary Grant became what the critic Pauline Kael once memorably called "the fairy-tale hero." Endlessly attractive and yet never seeming to take himself too seriously, he was pursued on the screen by some of the most beautiful women in the history of the cinema, among them Marlene Dietrich, Sophia Loren, Marilyn Monroe, and Audrey Hepburn. The photos are so good they speak for themselves. The pictures - studio publicity stills, movie posters, candid paparazzi snapshots and family photos - carry the reader through the stages of Grant's life as he moves from one role to another and one love to another. The photographs in Geoffrey Wansell's book, Cary Grant: Dark Angel, capture that essence. In the decade since his death, the incandescence of his image has not dimmed. With his dark hair and mischievous smile, he is, was, and always will be one of its great stars. To millions of moviegoers around the world, Cary Grant epitomizes the glamour and the style of Hollywood in its golden years. Home | biography | current projects | journalism | true crime podcasts | thrillers & crime reviews | management | email | amazon | barnes&noble Dark Angel - Cary Grant biography in pictures. 1/26/2024 0 Comments Dupeguru music edition linuxIf your music library is big enough that using your favourite player’s “find duplicates” feature just isn’t cutting it anymore, dupeGuru ME may be worth a look. You can delete it immediately, move it elsewhere for further review, or even play the file right there to test it. Arch Linux package is maintained by glubsy at Ubuntu PPA built by eugenesan at Contributors eugenesan and glubsy Assets 18 dupeguru-4.3. 1.31 MB dupeguru-4.3. When dupeGuru finds duplicates, it presents them to you to decide what to do with them. The app also supports complex search filters, and lets you add regular expressions or other logic to make sure you catch everything you’re looking for. The app uses filename, creation date, tag information and metadata, and even the audio fingerprint of the file to determine which songs are duplicates, even if they’re named differently.ĭupeGuru ME (Music Edition) supports most popular audio file formats, including MP3, OGG, and both traditional and lossless AAC and WMA (notably absent is FLAC, unfortunately.) Once installed, point the app at the folder where your music lives, and tell it to match dupes by filename, tags, file content or audio content (audio fingerprint). It does everything its sister program dupeGuru does, but it has more information columns (such as bitrate, duration, tags, etc. Dupeguru music edition.publisher: hardcoded software.in 2001, i started this website to host my software, mp3 filter initially written in.from hardcoded.antivirus can scan filenames.more apps hardcoded software. It can scan filenames, tags, or contents. dupeGuru Music Edition is a tool to find duplicate files on your computer. Dupeguru music edition for linux.you are not. It’s designed to find duplicate files based on multiple criteria (file names, file size, MD5 hashes) and uses fuzzy-matching to detect similar files. dupeGuru Music Edition is a tool to find duplicate songs in your music collection. Mac/Windows/Linux: dupeGuru is a free, open source and cross-platform utility that will scan and help you remove duplicate audio files from your music library. DupeGuru is a cross-platform application that comes in three editions: Standard (SE), Music and Picture. 1/26/2024 0 Comments .xps to pdfYou can download them and then repeat the process as many times as you like. Our XPS to PDF conversion tool is easy to use: select the desired file type, then define the output format of your document, upload the file and click Upload. Within seconds, all your XPS files will be transferred to PDFs. Even if the option is disabled by default. Just upload one or more XPS files using the on-page form. Simply use this path to convert XPS documents into fully-editable PDFs: File > Create PDF > From File. Don’t worry: there’s nothing to download, and you don’t need to give us any personal information. If you have some old XPS documents and want to keep them up to date, we highly suggest converting XPS to PDF! This process takes very little time and won’t cost you anything if you use our free conversion system. In that case simply make a new Word document. In case you have Office 2013, 2016 or Office 365 MS-Word can save a document directly to PDF. And in the future print directly to the PDF printer-driver instead of to XPS. As the years have gone on, however, PDFs have pretty much replaced XPS files. Just open the XPS in XPS viewer and print to the PDF printer-driver. XPS to PDF Conversionīack in the day, XPS documents were very common. Converting XPS to PDF is also easy to do for free. ![]() Windows itself no longer supports opening XPS files natively, although there are plenty of free programs to download for this purpose. However, PDFs are far more popular than XPS (or even OXPS), making XPS a form of neglected technology. Eventually, Microsoft introduced the OXPS format to update and further compete with PDFs. Microsoft created the XPS format as a competitor to Adobe’s PDF format, which is a similar fixed-document format. Step 1: Head to the ConvertOnline from a browser, click on the Choose File button, a browse window will appear, choose a local XPS file, and then click on the Open button to open the file. ![]() write your novel and keep track of all the background details. The license of this software is Free Trial Software, the price is $59.95, you can free download and get a free trial. WriteItNow is novel writing software for PCs and Macs. * You need to register WriteItNow to save stories and to use any add-ons Tree view of all characters, events, ideas,locations and notes For example, 52 has the value 1, and 3.21.5 has the value 0.2. Save and load individual characters, chapters, events, notes and ideas.ġ5. You need to watch out for Pythons precedence rules and rules on integer division. Create a neatly formatted manuscript with two key-pressesġ2. This software allows you to create links within the project. In addition to the many Dataton Academy training sessions we host, youll also find a selection of how-to videos further down this page. This software is ideal for novelists due to its arranged interface that makes excellent use of graphics and text in an instinctive outline. ![]() Registered users can generate characters and background notes using add-onsġ1. WriteItNow can help you share your thoughts. Display charts of events and relationshipsĥ. Keep background details of characters, events, locations and ideas.ģ. Registered users of WriteItNow can generate characters and notes using any of our free add-ons.Ģ. Compatible with Windows 7 and 8 and Mac OSX (10. Tools include a spelling checker, thesaurus, readability calculator. WRITEITNOW 5 Creative Writing Software By Ravenshead Services WriteItNow is the ideal writing software for novice and experienced writers of fiction and non-fiction. You can use it to generate names, characters, ideas. It has sections for chapters, characters, locations, events, notes and ideas. OLD POST ALERT! This is an older post and although you might find some useful tips, any technical or publishing information is likely to be out of date.WriteItNow is a program for writing and storing novels. Please click on Start Here on the menu bar above to find links to my most useful articles, videos and podcast. I used Scrivener for my latest book, Prophecy. It's been a truly life-changing experience after the dreadful cutting and pasting process in MS Word that plagued my last novel, Pentecost. I am now entirely converted and am also an evangelist for the product. It will convert you and make your writing life a whole lot easier, I promise! I used Scrivener happily without reading the Help (because I hate reading the Help) but then I found David Hewson's ‘ Writing a Novel with Scrivener‘ which I highly recommend. ![]() Keep in mind, I’m not saying video tutorials are entirely bad. WriteItNow is the ideal writing software for novice and experienced writers of fiction and non-fiction. And I’ll give you 3 entire reasons you should at least start making the switch. In fact, you’d be much better off only reading tutorials. Here are 3 reasons you should be using Scrivener (which is on Mac and PC now so you have no excuse.) It's just US$49 and you can use it for all your books, fiction and non-fiction as well as academic publications and loads more. These video tutorials have many downsides that aren’t obvious when you first start watching them. WriteItNow 6.0.3c add to watchlist send us an update buy now 59. If this was the only feature of Scrivener, it would still be enough for me! No, I'm not an affiliate but I truly do believe in the product! (1) You can write in scenes then drag and drop to re-order. I write in sporadic scenes, not in a linear fashion so the final scene is often one of the first I write. I'm already plotting novel #3 and have maybe 5 scenes I could set down right now, but I wouldn't have a clue where they go in the story yet. So for the Prophecy work in progress I had all these scenes but it was only in the 2nd edit that I decided on the order they needed to go in. Scrivener makes it easy to drag and drop the scenes to re-order the scenes. There's no cutting and pasting and no huge Word files to manipulate. 5 devlice limit Includes plagiarism 1 hour response CONS Only supports English Expensive without our discount Save 20 on Grammarly ProWritingAid Best Budget 4. I also like the cork-board view of the scenes. 1/25/2024 0 Comments Munin hugin![]() "You with the mighty hammer you carry are too weighty for this way. "Yes, for I am Keeper of the Way to the Norns," said Heimdall. "What? Would you, Hemidall, hold me back?" said Thor. "The others may go, but you may not go that way, Thor," said Hemidall. Thor followed, but before his foot was placed on the bridge, Hemidall laid his hand upon him. Then did Odin and Tyr and Baldur step out on the bridge. Without a word Heimdall opened wide the gate that led to that bridge more colored and more tremulous than any rainbow seen from earth. "Open the gate, Heimdall," said the All-Father, "open the gate, for today the Gods would visit the holy Norns." And where the ends of the two rainbows came together Heimdall stood, Heimdall with the Golden Teeth, the Watcher for the Gods, and the Keeper of the Way to Urda's Well. This Rainbow Bridge was seldom seen by men. But another Rainbow Bridge, more beautiful and more tremulous still, went from Asgard to that root of Ygdrassil under which was Urda's Well. Odin went, and Tyr, the great swordsman, and Baldur, the most beautiful and the Best-Beloved of the Gods, and Thor, with his Hammer.Ī Rainbow Bridge went from Asgard, the City of the Gods, to Midgard, the World of Men. Let us go to the holy Norns who sit by Urda's Well and see if the shadows and the forebodings will remain when you have looked into their eyes."Īnd so it came that Odin and the Gods left Asgard and came to Urda's Well, where, under the great root of Ygdrassil, the three Norns sat, with the two fair swans below them. And when he spoke to her about these things she said, "Do not strive against what must take place. But Frigga, his Queen, saw in his eyes the shadows and forebodings of things to come. Odin All-Father did not speak to the Dwellers in Asgard of the things they told him. They told him only of shadows and forebodings. Then did the All-Father go into the Council Hall that was beside Glasir, the wood that had leaves of gold, and harken to what Hugin and Munin had to tell him. Then Odin, standing on the Watch-Tower Hlidskjalf, said to himself:Ī day passed and the ravens flew back. And once a day passed without the ravens coming back. They flew through all the worlds every day, and coming back to Asgard they would light on Odin's shoulders and tell him of all the things they had seen and heard. Odin All-Father had two ravens Hugin and Munin were their names. The All-Father's Forebearings: How Odin Leaves Asgard The Wing and String Collective is a collaborative performance ensemble whose current members include Nora Hutchinson, Jeff Bird, Peg Evans, Neal Evans, Sue Smith, and Tor Lukasik-Foss. The Wing and String Collective is interested in the creation of new works hybridizing opera, traditional folk music, theatre, and performance art together. Past works include: In Safe Places (performed throughout Ontario between 1996 to 2003), If You Hate This Planet (1996 to 1997), Urban Hootenany (2007), and The Soul of The Street (2011). Their latest collaborative work is Hugin and Munin: A Song Cycle (2015).Norse Mythology and Viking Legends for Kids Hugin and Munin is an original cycle of songs and performances that explores the significance of this passage, particularly as an allegory for our current times: who/what gathers information and monitors the activities of our world, and who/what synthesizes that knowledge? Do we have a collective anxiety that thought (hugin) and memory (munin) are in a state of precariousness? Are we experiencing the dawn of a new era of consciousness or unconsciousness? There is a brief and cryptic passage in the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál (one of the foundational works of Norse Mythology), that talks about a relationship between Odin, the all-father of Norse gods, and a pair of ravens, Hugin (a Norse word for ‘thought’) and Munin (‘mind’ or ‘memory’). ![]() Burner Zombie: Added in 3.15.9.0 update.While idle they cannot be distinguished from normal zombies, but will cloak when alerted, becoming only visible due to their purple aura. These zombies will try to attack The Player from behind or from either side. Flanker Zombie: Added in 3.15.9.0 update.Spec Ops Mega Zombies, a type of mega zombie that only spawns at Silo 22 and at a Horde Beacon.Hazmat Mega Zombies, a type of mega zombie that spawns in Scorpion-7 locations such as Crashed Skycrane, Off Limits and Overturned Ship in Yukon.Military Mega Zombies, a type of mega zombie that spawns in military locations.Civilian Zombies, a type of zombie found in civilian locations.Military Zombies, a type of zombie found in military locations.Civil Servant Zombies, a type of zombie that spawn near civil service buildings.Zombie Bosses, larger zombies with unique abilities spawning only in specific locations on the Russia, Greece and Hawaii maps as part of specific quests.Mega Zombies, a rarer and much larger variant of the Zombie with darker skin and really high health and damage.Zombies, the standard zombies, with different movement styles as seen below.Zombies have different types of professions, clothing grades, sizes, special abilities and movement styles. However, this won't happen in hard mode, and even a handful of zombies can easily overwhelm a poorly equipped player. ![]() Small groups of zombies are relatively easy to take down using a melee weapon, as zombies will briefly become stunned when taking sufficient damage. Large groups of zombies can prove deadly to even skilled players, so an unsuppressed firearm isn't always a viable option for taking down zombies. A player can quickly find themselves overwhelmed if they aren't too careful with how much sound they're creating or visibility they are presenting. An exception is when it is a Full Moon.Įarly in the game, zombies may prove to be very difficult for the player, especially in groups. Zombies will only attack Vehicles, Barricades and Structures if they cannot find a way around them. This can be observed when players or thrown objects ( Grenades, Flares or Smokes) are in their range of vision, or after shooting, without any zombies actually seeing you. Zombies are hostile entities found in almost all known locations in all of the Unturned maps, being the main threat the player faces in the game. 1/25/2024 0 Comments Sphero edu gamesIt is the first Sphero robot to have interchangeable shells. Sphero Mini is a smaller version of the Sphero robot, with a diameter of 42 millimetres (1.7 in) and weighs 46 grams (0.101 lb). This model is intended for educational use. It is sealed and has an inductive charger. Sphero SPRK+ is also a transparent version of the Sphero robot, with a diameter of 73 millimetres (2.9 in) and weighs 181 grams (0.399 lb). This model has the most sensors of the various Sphero robots, including motor encoders, gyroscope, accelerometer, 8x8 LED matrix display, compass, infrared, and light sensors. Sphero Bolt is a transparent version of the Sphero robot, with a diameter of 73 millimetres (2.9 in) and weighs 200 grams (0.44 lb). It has been discontinued after the Disney-Sphero partnership ended. In 2017, Sphero released a robotic car modeled after Lightning McQueen as part of their partnership with Disney. The R2-D2 droid, unlike the BB-8 and Sphero droids is not inductively charged, instead, a micro-USB connection is used. This is accompanied by an app which is available for iOS and Android (operating system) powered devices. ![]() R2-D2 įollowing on from the success of the BB-8 robot, Sphero has released a R2-D2 robot that is powered by Sphero technology. The BB-8 toy was released on Septemit is accompanied by a special Star Wars-themed control app, which also features augmented reality "holographic" messages. Disney also made a minority investment in Sphero. In July 2014, while participating in Disney's technology accelerator program for startups, Sphero's staff were invited into a private meeting with Disney CEO Bob Iger, who showed them then-unseen photos from the production of the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens and images of BB-8-a spherical droid character introduced in the film, and were offered a licensing deal to produce an official BB-8 toy based on Sphero's technology. It goes at speeds up to 23 km/h (14 mph). Instead of using inductive charging, the Ollie uses a micro-USB port for charging. With its ability to spin, it is more intended for doing tricks. The Sphero Ollie, released in 2014, uses tires instead of being a rolling ball. Sphero 1.0 is not compatible with either Sphero Play or Sphero EDU apps. īoth Sphero 1.0 and 2.0 have been discontinued. Users can program the toys with an app called Sphero Macrolab which includes a set of predefined macros, and orbBasic which uses a BASIC-based language. As it includes an SDK, several apps and games have been developed for the platform. Since they have an accelerometer and a gyroscope, it can also be used as a controller for games on iOS and Android platforms. The toys are controlled with a smartphone or tablet running iOS, Android or Windows Phone via Bluetooth. A refreshed version, Sphero 2.0, was released in 2013, featuring a twice-as-fast speed and increased LED brightness. Bluetooth is used for communication and inductive charging for power. ![]() It has two 350 mAh LiPo batteries, two color LEDs, an accelerometer, and a gyroscope. The processor on board is a 75 MHz ARM Cortex M4. It was released in 2011 and is a white orb that has a diameter of 74 millimetres (2.9 in) and weighs 168 grams (0.370 lb). The original Sphero was initially prototyped by its inventors, Ian Bernstein and Adam Wilson, with a 3D-printed shell and electronics taken from a smartphone. In August 2019, Sphero acquired New York City-based startup, littleBits. It has an increased focus on education, and has been released in October 2019 at $249. It is advertised as a "go anywhere, do anything programmable robot" with modular parts and all-terrain capability. On February 19, 2019, Sphero announced a programmable tank-tracked kit called the Sphero RVR (pronounced "rover") on Kickstarter. Sphero's current product lineup includes several spherical robots like the original Sphero: the Sphero Mini, BOLT, and SPRK+. The Disney products were discontinued in 2018 after their partnership ended. Following the success of that robot, Sphero also created a model of R2-D2 and Lightning McQueen. In 2015, Sphero struck a licensing deal with Disney to create a BB-8 robot based on the Star Wars: The Force Awakens film. A remastered version, the Sphero 2.0, was launched in August 2013. Their first product, the Sphero, is a white spherical robot launched in December 2011 capable of rolling around under the control of a smartphone or tablet. (formerly Orbotix) is an American consumer robotics and toy company based in Boulder, Colorado. 1/25/2024 0 Comments Atomic radius of elementCovalent radius: the nominal radius of the atoms of an element when covalently bound to other atoms, as deduced from the separation between the atomic nuclei in molecules.In principle, the spacing between two adjacent oppositely charged ions (the length of the ionic bond between them) should equal the sum of their ionic radii. Ionic radius: the nominal radius of the ions of an element in a specific ionization state, deduced from the spacing of atomic nuclei in crystalline salts that include that ion.Because Van der Waals interactions arise through quantum fluctuations of the atomic polarisation, the polarisability (which can usually be measured or calculated more easily) may be used to define the Van der Waals radius indirectly. The Van der Waals radius may be defined even for elements (such as metals) in which Van der Waals forces are dominated by other interactions. Van der Waals radius: In the simplest definition, half the minimum distance between the nuclei of two atoms of the element that are not otherwise bound by covalent or metallic interactions.Widely used definitions of atomic radius include: However, in 1923, when more crystal data had become available, it was found that the approximation of an atom as a sphere does not necessarily hold when comparing the same atom in different crystal structures. In 1920, shortly after it had become possible to determine the sizes of atoms using X-ray crystallography, it was suggested that all atoms of the same element have the same radii. This is only a crude approximation, but it can provide quantitative explanations and predictions for many phenomena, such as the density of liquids and solids, the diffusion of fluids through molecular sieves, the arrangement of atoms and ions in crystals, and the size and shape of molecules. For many purposes, atoms can be modeled as spheres. Therefore, the radius of an atom is more than 10,000 times the radius of its nucleus (1–10 fm), and less than 1/1000 of the wavelength of visible light (400–700 nm). Under most definitions the radii of isolated neutral atoms range between 30 and 300 pm (trillionths of a meter), or between 0.3 and 3 ångströms. Moreover, in condensed matter and molecules, the electron clouds of the atoms usually overlap to some extent, and some of the electrons may roam over a large region encompassing two or more atoms. Rather, their positions must be described as probability distributions that taper off gradually as one moves away from the nucleus, without a sharp cutoff these are referred to as atomic orbitals or electron clouds. Electrons do not have definite orbits nor sharply defined ranges. ![]() ![]() The value of the radius may depend on the atom's state and context. Depending on the definition, the term may apply to atoms in condensed matter, covalently bonding in molecules, or in ionized and excited states and its value may be obtained through experimental measurements, or computed from theoretical models. The dependencies on environment, probe, and state lead to a multiplicity of definitions. Typically, because of the difficulty to isolate atoms in order to measure their radii separately, atomic radius is measured in a chemically bonded state however theoretical calculations are simpler when considering atoms in isolation. Four widely used definitions of atomic radius are: Van der Waals radius, ionic radius, metallic radius and covalent radius. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the size of its atom, usually the mean or typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost isolated electron. |
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